句法
句子结构或句型
主系表
由系动词连接的主语和表语并且只表达主语状态、特征的句子结构。
系动词：辅助主语，不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语，说明主语的性质、特征等。
I am a teacher.
系动词 am ，主语 I ，a teacher 表语，表示我主语的身份。
Jack is very clever.
系动词 is，主语 Jack ，very clever 表语。
We remained silent.
系动词 remained，主语 we，silent 表语。
You look wonderful today.
系动词 look，主语 you，wonderful 表语。
He is a student.
he 是主语；is 是系动词作谓语；a student 是表语。
The dinner smells good.
the dinner 是主语；smells 是感官系动词作谓语；good 是形容词作表语；
Everything looks different.
everything 是不定代词作主语；looks 是表象系动词作谓语；different 是形容词作表语；
The research proved difficult.
the research 是名词作主语；proved 是终止系动词作谓语；difficult 是形容词作表语；
He became mad after that.
he 是代词作主语；became 是变化系动词作谓语；mad 是形容词作表语；
主谓（及物动词）宾
通过及物动词把主语和宾语联系在一起的句子结构。
The girl speaks English.
the girl 是主语，speaks 是谓语，English 是宾语。the girl 主语通过 speaks 这个动作把宾语 English 联系在一起。
He plays football.
he 是主语；plays 是及物动词作谓语；football 是宾语。
I study English.
I 是主语；study 是及物动词作谓语；English 是宾语。
The Greens enjoy living in China.
the Greens 是主语；enjoy 是及物动词作谓语；living in China 是动名词短语作宾语；in China 是介词短语作地点状语修饰 living。
I want to have a cup of tea.
I 是主语；want 是及物动词作谓语；to have a cup of tea 是不定式作宾语。
He admits that he was mistaken.
he 是主语；admits 是及物动词作谓语；that he was mistaken 是宾语从句。
主谓（不及物动词）
He smiled.
he 是主语；smiled 是不及物动词作谓语。
The taxi disappeared.
the taxi 是主语，disappeared 是谓语。
Birds fly.
birds 是主语；fly 是不及物动词作谓语，不需要跟宾语就能够完整地表达意思。
They arrived in Beijing yesterday.
they 是主语；arrived 是不及物动词作谓语；in Beijing 是地点状语；yesterday 是时间状语。
The machine works smoothly.
the machine 是主语；works 是不及物动词作谓语；smoothly 是副词作程度状语。
Lucy and Mary get up early every morning.
Lucy and Mary 是主语；get up 是不及物动词短语作谓语；early every morning 是状语。
The sun was shining.
the sun 是主语；was shining 是不及物现在进行时动词作谓语。
主谓双宾（间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
动词后面跟着两个宾语，一个是间接宾语，另外一个是直接宾语。
常见表示“给予”的动词，如：give、pass、lend，表示“获得”的动词，如：borrow、fetch、find、save、earn、take、gain、buy。
Please give it to her.
it 是间接宾语，her 是直接宾语。
I showed him my pictures.
him 是间接宾语；my pictures 是直接宾语。
She ordered herself a new dress.
herself 是间接宾语；a new dress 是直接宾语。
We bring him some food.
him 是间接宾语；some food 是直接宾语。
Our teacher taught us English.
us 是间接宾语；English 是直接宾语。
She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
her husband 是间接宾语；a delicious meal 是直接宾语。
如果直接宾语必须放在间接宾语前，接适当介词 for 或 to
- My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me.
- I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him.
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
这种结构的句子中宾语补足语是为了补充说明宾语，让句子的意思更加完整。
We all think his story interesting.
主语 we，谓语 think，宾语 his story，宾语补足语 interesting。interesting 在进一步修饰 his story 有趣的意思。
The appointed him manager.
him 是宾语，manager 是宾补，补充说明宾语的身份。
They painted the door green.
the door 是宾语，green 是宾补。
We saw him out.
him 是宾语；out 是宾补。
He asked me to come back soon.
me 是宾语；to come back soon 是不定式作宾补。
I saw them getting on the bus.
them 是宾语；getting on the bus 是动名词短语作宾补。
综合练习
He died.
he 是代词作主语；died 是不及物动词作谓语；这个句子是主谓结构；
I found the book easily.
I 是代词作主语；found 是及物动词作谓语；the book 是名词作宾语；easily 是副词作方式状语修饰谓语；
I found the book easy.
I 是代词作主语；found 是及物动词作谓语；the book 是名词作宾语；easy 是形容词作宾补，因为没有 easy 句子意思不完整。
He got her a splendid present.
he 是代词作主语；got 是谓语；her 是间接宾语；a splendid present 是直接宾语；
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
this kind of cloth 是主语；feels 是感官系动词作谓语；very soft 是表语；
句子类型（陈述句和疑问句）
陈述句的肯定句式
主要有五中基本句型：
- 主语+谓语（不及物动词）
- The rain stopped.雨停了
- 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
- Children are playing basketball.孩子们在打篮球。
- 主语+连系动词+表语
- Leaves turn yellow in Autumn.秋天树叶变黄。
- 主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语
- My father bought me a computer.我爸爸给我买了台电脑。
- 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语
- He made his sister cried just now.他刚刚把他妹妹弄哭了。
陈述句的否定句式
若句中有连系动词be、情态动词或助动词，则分别在它们的后面加上not。
- His mother has already called the police for help.他得母亲已经报警求助了。->His mother hasn't called the police for help yet.他的母亲还没有报警求助。
原句中没有连系动词be、助动词或情态动词时，要在行为动词前加助动词（do、does、did）与否定副词not。并且要注意这时的行为动词要用原型。另外，还需要将原句中的some改为any，too改为either，already改为yet。
- The old man hurt his leg last Wednesday.这位老人上周三腿受伤了。->The old man didn't hurt his leg last Wednesday.这位老人上周三腿没有受伤。
有些肯定句与not连用只表示部分否定，所以在变为否定句时，只需将其中的某一（些）词语变为否定词即可。常见的这些词有both->neither、all->none、both...and...->neither...nor...、everyone/each->no one/nobody、each/either->neither、a few->few、a little->little。
- All the students are listening carefully.->None of the students is/are listening carefully.
- Both Joy and Sam like singing Beijing Opera->Neither Joy nor Sam likes singing Beijing Opera.
在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think时，如果要否定后面的宾语从句，习惯上否定主句的谓语动词。
- I think she will come here soon.->I don't think she will come here soon.
一般疑问句
疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句四种。所谓一般疑问句，就是可以用yes或no来回答的疑问句。
肯定形式的一般疑问句：此类一般疑问句的结构为“连系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+动词原型+其他？”。
- Is he a good student?他是一个好学生吗？Yes, he is.是的，他是。No, he isn't.不，他不是。
- Does he go to school by bike?他骑自动车去上学吗？Yes, he does.是的，他骑。No, he doesn't.不，他不骑。
否定形式的一般疑问句：此类一般疑问句主要表示反问或惊讶，通常在连系动词be、情态动词或助动词后加not的缩略式n't，并放在句首。
- Aren't you a writer?难道你不是作家吗？No, I'm not.是的，我不是。
用yes、no之外的词回答的一般疑问句：一般疑问句也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词回答，如：certainly、sure、of course、I think so、all right、certainly not、not at all、never、sorry、not yet、I'm afraid not等。
- Would you mind my joining your talk?我加入你们的讨论，你们介意吗？Of course not.当然不介意。
特殊疑问句
以疑问词开头的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词+一般疑问句”。常见的疑问词有what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、what time、what color、how much、how many、how long、how often、how soon等。
特殊疑问句的语序：疑问词作主语时，句子的语序与陈述句的语序相同。当疑问词作句子的宾语、状语等时，应用“疑问词+一般疑问句”结构。
- Who will give us a talk?谁将给我们做报告呢？（who作主语）
- When do you get up every day?你每天什么时候起床呢？（when作时间状语）
否定形式的特殊疑问句：否定形式的特殊疑问句由“疑问词+一般疑问句的否定形式”构成，主要表示劝告、建议或责备等。
- Why didn't you tell me earlier?你为什么不早点告诉我呢？
- When can't he come?他什么时候不能来呢？
对画线部分提问：这类题实际上就是将所给的陈述句变为特殊疑问句。解这类题时通常分散步完成：首先选准疑问词；然后改为疑问句语序；最后抄写剩余的部分。当对句子的主语提问时，其语序是”疑问词+谓语+其他成分？“。
- Jack is over there.->Who is over there?
- He comes to China once a year.->How often does he come to China?
选择疑问句
要求对方对两种或者两种以上的情况进行选择的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句的最后两个供选择部分用or连接。选择疑问句由两种：一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。
- Did you like Tom or Jerry?你喜欢汤姆还是杰瑞呢？I like Jerry.我喜欢杰瑞。
- Which do you like best, apples, oranges or bananas?你最喜欢哪样，苹果、橘子还是香蕉？I like apples best.我最喜欢苹果。
反义疑问句
反义疑问句的特点：反义疑问句是由两部分构成的：前一部分是对事物的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。即“陈述句+附加疑问句”。反义疑问句前后两部分必须遵循原则是“三同一反”，即：人称相同，动词相同，时态相同，前肯后否，前否后肯。
- Mary is a worker, isn't she?玛丽是工人，是不是？
- You won't go to the Summer Palace tomorrow, will you?明天你不去颐和园，是吗？
反义疑问句的答语：对反义疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯定的，就用yes回答；若事实是否定的，就用no回答。注意在“前否后肯”的反义疑问句的答语中，yes意为“不”，no意为“是”。
- He isn't going to the meeting, is he?他不去参加会议，是吗？Yes, he is.不，他要去。No, he isn't.对，他不去。
常考的反义疑问句
- There be句型构成反义疑问句时，附加疑问句的主语应用there。
- There is a cat under the chair, isn't it?（错误）->There is a cat under the chair, isn't there?（正确）
- 如果陈述句中含有表示否定意义的词，如never、hardly、few、little等，在构成反义疑问句时，附加疑问句部分需要肯定式。
- I could hardly see the bird in the sky, could I?我几乎看不见空中的鸟，对吗？
- Jim's never seen such a wonderful football match before, has he?吉姆以前从没看过一场如此精彩的足球赛，是吗？
- 若陈述句部分含有带否定前缀的词，如：unhappy、impossible、untrue、dislike等，应把陈述句看作肯定句，构成反义疑问句时，附加疑问句用否定式。
- He dislikes volleyball, doesn't he?他不喜欢排球，是不是？
- Jenny looks unhappy today, doesn't she?今天珍妮看起来不高兴，是不是？
- 祈使句之后附加疑问句
- 一般祈使句之后的附加疑问部分常用“will you”或“won't you?”。
- 以let's开头的祈使句的附加疑问部分常用"shall we"，以let us开头的祈使句的附加疑问部分常用“will you?“。
- 主从复合句构成反义疑问句时，附加疑问句部分通常与主句在主谓上保持一致；如果主从复合句为“I (don't) think/believe+宾语从句”，附加疑问部分应与宾语从句在主谓上保持一致。
- I think Tom runs fastest of all, doesn't he?我认为在所有人中汤姆跑得最快，对吗？
感叹句
用来表示说话人强烈的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子，叫感叹句。感叹句由what或how引导。
what引导
- What+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词（+主语+谓语）！
- What a kind girl (she is)!（她是）一个多么善良的女孩子啊！
- What+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词（+主语+谓语）！
- What beautiful flowers (they are)!多么漂亮的花！
- What bad weather(it is)!多么糟糕的天气！
how引导
- How+主语+谓语！
- How time flies!时间飞逝！
- How+形容词/副词（+主语+谓语）！
- How brave(the hero is)!（这个英雄）真勇敢！
- How slowly he walks!他走得多慢啊！
- How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词（+主语+谓语）！
- How clever(a boy he is)!（他是）一个多么聪明的男孩啊！
陈述句改感叹句
陈述句变为感叹句时，常使用“一断二加三换位”的方法：
- “一断“，即在谓语后边断开，使句子分为两部分。
- She is || a beautiful girl.她是一位美丽的姑娘。
- H works || hard.他工作努力。
- “二加”，即如果第二部分为副词、形容词、就加上how；如果是一个名词（词组），就加上what。
- She is || (what) a beautiful girl.
- He works || (how) hard.
- “三换位”，即把第一部分与第二部分互换位置，同时把句号换位感叹号。
- What a beautiful girl she is!
- How hard he works!
祈使句
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等的句子。常省略主语，谓语动词用原型。
肯定的祈使句
- 句型：动词原型+其他成分
- Be careful!小心！
- Do+祈使句表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。
- please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分隔开。
- Close the door, please.请关门。
否定的祈使句
- 常用句型：Don't+动词原型+其他成分。
- Don't be late for school again!别再迟到了！
- 用Never开头：Never+动词原型+其他成分。
- Never leave today's work for tomorrow!不要把今天的工作留到明天！
Let引导的祈使句：以Let开头的句子也是祈使句，表示陈述和建议。其否定形式有两种：Let...not或Don't...
- Let us not be late.让我们不要迟到。
- Don't let the boy play football in the street.不要让这个男孩在街上踢足球。
祈使句与简单句、复合句之间的转换
- “Let’s+动词原型+其他”可转换为“Shall we+动词原型+其他？”。
- Let's go fishing this afternoon.=Shall we go fishing this afternoon?
- “祈使句+and/or+简单句”可转换为含if引导的条件状语从句的复合句。
- Use your head, and you'll find a way.=If you use your head, you'll find a way.
- Hurry up, or we'll be late.=If we don't hurry up, we'll be late.
祈使句的应答语
以Let's开头的祈使句，其答语常用Good iead./OK./Yes, I'd love to.等。
Let's go to the park.让我们去公园吧。
Good idea.好主意。
其他肯定祈使句的应答语为Yes, I will.；否定祈使句的应答语为Sorry/No, I won't(do it again).。
- It's going to rain. Remember to take an umbrella with you.就要下雨了。记得带上雨伞。Thanks, I will.谢谢，我会的。
- Don't play with my cat.不要和我的猫玩。Sorry, I won't do it again.对不起，我将不再那样做了。
倒装句
倒装作为一种语法现象，主要包括完全倒装（有的书称之为全部倒装）和部分倒装（有的书称之为半倒装或不完全倒装）两种。完全倒装就是把谓语动词完全放在主语之前，而部分倒装就是把助动词、系动词或情态动词提到主语之前。
部分倒装：将谓语的一部分如助动词、系动词、情态动词提到主语前。如果句子谓语没有助动词或者情态动词，需要添加助动词do/does/did，将其置于主语前。
一般疑问句中，将助动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。
- Do you like eating apples?你喜欢吃苹果吗？
特殊疑问句中，疑问词作宾语、表语或状语，需要将其置于句首，将助动词置于主语前构成部分倒装。
- Where have you been these days?这些天你到哪里去了？
only + 状语/状语从句，位于句首时。
- Only in the town can you feel relaxed. 其中因为 in the town 状语倒装，所以情态动词 can 被提到主语 you 之前形成了句子部分倒装。
- Only when people are seriously ill do they realize the importance of health. 其中 when people .. ill 时间状语从句倒装，因为没有助动词和情态动词所以在主语 they 之前添加助动词 do 形成句子部分倒装。
- Only in this way can you improve your grade.只有用这种方法你才能提高自己的成绩。
表示否定意义的副词或者连词放在句首： no only ... but also、no sooner ... than ...、hardly/scarcely ... when、hardly、not、never、in no way、little、in no case、seldom
- No sooner did I go out than it began to snow.
- Not until the rain stopped did she leave home.
- Hardly had he seen me when he ran away.
- Hardly a day goes by without a visit from someone.几乎没有一天没有来访者。
- Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
在包含were、had、should的虚拟条件句中可以去掉if，将were、had、should提到主语前。
- Had you come here, you would have met him. 原句子If you had come here, you would have met him.
- Should we have time, we cloud play the game again. 原句子If we should have time, we could play the game again.
- Should we succeed, we would be rich.我们一旦成功就发财了。
“So ... that”句型中，“so+adj./adv.”位于句首时。
- So fast did he drive that he almost killed himself. 其中原句子 He drive so fast that he almost killed himself.
- So angry was she that she couldn't speak. 其中原句子 She was angry that she couldn't speak.
- So fast did he run that we couldn't catch up with him.他跑得如此快，以至于我们赶不上他。
表示“也（不）...”的句式，即“so/neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be+主语“形式。
- I don't like it, neither do I care it.我不喜欢它，也不在意它。
- Mary didn't watch TV last night, neither did Jim.玛丽昨晚没有看电视，吉姆也没看。
表示 ”也“ 的意思，且上句主语与其引导的主语不同
- She likes swimming and so do I. 其中上句主语she和其引导的主语I不同，本来句子是I like swimming。
- She hasn't learned English and neither have I. 其中本来的句子是She hasn't learned English, I hasn't learned English neither.
- Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann.汤姆昨晚看电视了，安也看了。
- Lucy is a good student, so is Lily.露西是个好学生，莉莉也是。
表示 ”的确“、”是的“ 的意思，不倒装
- She promises to clean the window, and so she does. 其中她的确察了窗户，这里的 so 不是也的意思，所以 so she does 不倒装。
- Jimmy is good at playing football.吉米足球踢得很好。So he is.的确。
特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，则不用倒装。
- Who knows the answer to this question?谁知道这个问题的答案？
may表示祝愿时用部分倒装。
- May you have a good time!祝你玩得愉快！
as/though 引导的让步状语从句的倒装：把从句中作状语或者表语的名词、形容词、副词、分词提到句首，形成倒装结构。
名词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词
- Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. 原句子 He is a hero, he has some shortcomings。
形容词 + as/tough + 主语 + 动词
- Exquisite though the bracelet was, we thought it was over-priced. 原句子 Tough the bracelet was exquisite, we thought it was over-priced.
副词 + as/tough + 主语 + 动词
- Hard as he tried, he couldn't make his mother change her mind. 原句子 As he tried hard, he couldn't make his mother change here mind.
分词 + as/tough + 主语 + 动词
- Raining hard as it was, she insisted to go to the cinema. 原句子 As it was raining hard, she insisted to go the cinema.
- Surrounded as Stella was by the audience, she managed to leave the auditorium. 原句子 As Stella was surrounded by the audience, she managed to leave the auditorium.
动词 + as/though + 主语 + 助动词/情态动词
- Dislike as we may, we must acknowledge his greatness. 原句子 As we may dislike, we must acknowledge his greatness.
完全倒装
- 表示时间、地点、方向、词序，如in、out、up、there、then、here、first等放在句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时，句子用完全倒装。
- Now comes you turn. 其中表示时间的 now 放在了句首，所以把 comes 谓语动词放在 your turn 主语前面。
- In front of the restaurant stands a tower. 其中表示方向的 in front of the restaurant 放在了句首，所以把 stands 谓语动词放在 a tower 主语前面。原句子 A tower stands in front of the restaurant.
- Here comes the bus.公交车来了。
- Here he comes.他来了。
- 分词短语位于句首时
- Lying on the bed is my brother named Tom. 其中为了强调躺在床上的这个状态倒装，原句子 My brother is lying on the bed named Tom.
- Hidden behind the desk were my sisters. 其中原句子 My sisters were hidden behind the desk.
- Lying on the couch is an old lady.躺在睡椅上的是一位老太太。
- 主系表结构的完全倒装：表系主，为了保持句子平衡或者使上下文紧密衔接。
- Present at the meeting were experts on biology. 原句子 Experts on biology were present at the meeting.
- Seated on the ground are a group of people. 原句子 A group of people are seated on the ground.
- There are a number of teachers and students in the school.在这所学校有很多老师和学生。
- 作表语的such位于句首时
- Such are the most powerful voices of our times!这些就是我们时代的最强音！